Cost comparison of battery swapping, point charging, and ICE two wheelers in India

Battery swapping is an innovative electric vehicle refueling model that can be used by vehicles with a detachable battery. This paper evaluates if electric two-wheelers in India with the battery-swapping option have achieved cost parity relative to electric two-wheelers with the point charging option and with conventional gasoline two-wheelers. Results show that for all three use cases considered, the electric two-wheelers with point-charging and battery-swapping options are considerably cheaper than the gasoline two-wheeler.
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